Surname of Bengali hindus

 https://bangladeshibengali.blogspot.com/2013/02/bengali-surnames-titles-and-origins.html?lr=1718966424560&m=1

Brahmans

https://1brahman.blogspot.com/2015/04/brahman-of-india.html?m=1

Origin of Bengali Surnames

 

BENGALI Surnames (Banerjee, Mukherjee, Ghosh)

BENGALI Surnames and Titles with ORIGINS

The surnames or titles have originated from clan names, village or place names, group names, occupation etc. It is from folk to modernity. The examples are following.

Original- to- Sanskritized -to-  English (anglicized)

Barujjye (original)  -- to -- Banerjee (anglicized)

Bandoghati (original)  to Bandopadhay (sanskritized) to Banerjee

Mukhoti (original) to Mukhopadhay (sanskritized) to Mukherjee (anglicized)

Gangal (original) to Gangopadhay (sanskritized)  to Ganguly (anglicized)

Chatto/ Chattoraj/ Chattokhandi (original) to Chattopadhay (sanskritized) to Chatterjee (anglicized)

Bhatto/ Bhat (original) to Bhattacharya (sanskritized)  

Explanation-1. Shandilya clan (gotra) had three varieties- Barujjye, Batabyal and Bandoghati. Banerjee (anglicized) has distinctly come from Barujjye (like Banaras came from the Baranasi). Bandoghati (original) became Bandopadhyay (sanskritized). Later they also started using Banerjee in English. However Batabyal remained and continued the same.

2. Gangal (original) became Gangopadhyay (sanskritized) then Ganguly (anglicized). Some say why Gangopadhyay is not Gangerjee like Benerjee or Mukherjee. It is because symmetry was drawn from Gangal (original).

Title/ Occupation

Goshthipoti (sanskrit) Goshthipal/ Goshthopal (apabhramsa) Ghoshal (bengali)

Goshtho (sanskrit) Ghosh (bengali). They are milkmen. The cows graze in group. Goru ra goshthi badwa bhabe ghore. Tar theke goru ke bole goshtho ba go. Ta theke goshtho ba ghosh padobir utpotti.

There are 4 kinds of Goyala or milkmen caste, as Ghosh, Gop, Sadgop and Yadav. There may be several castes in the same occupation. Example is Tili and Teli. They are different caste but in same occupation.

The surname Mondol has come from Morol or village headman. Mondal is not alawys lower caste.

2. Dom caste is not Deadbody Carrier-

The Dom caste is wrongly identified as Deadbody Carrier in WB. Dom caste is originaly bamboo worker. They make dol/ dali/ dhama/ dhol/ etc from bamboo. The term, Dom has come from dol or dhol or dhama. But they are wrongly identified as Deadbody Carrier. It is due to ocupational mobility downwards. Still the people carrying deadbody in the Hospitals and Police Stations should not be called Dom. Let us call them Shob Bahok (in Bengali) or Deadbody Carrier and not the Dom. In the same way the word Prostitute is now substituted by Sex Worker.

              

                                                                                               

3. The origin of Rarhi Brahman-

Some mistakenly think that the term Rarhi is derived from Rarh region of western Bengal. But that Rarh is derived from Ruksha (dry). It is a modern geographic term while Rarhi is a traditional term.

The term Rarhi (shreni) is derived from Gaudiya (shreni). Gaud (Malda) was a place of Sanskrit studies later shifting to Nabadwip. Hussain Shah was also a patron of Gaudiya pundits and invited Rup, Sanatan and Srijiv Goswami in his royal court.

The Gaudiya pundits established a distinct philosophy and rituals in Bengal. Many followed the path of Gaudiya pundits and came to be known as the Gaudiya shreni Brahmans and later Rarhi Brahmans (Gaudiya = Rarhi) by alternative accent.  The sect established by Sri Chaitanya Dev is called the Gaudiya Vaishnavism and he is often called the Gaud. Some denied the newly originated path of the Gaudiya pundits and claimed to be follower of original Varanasi pundits later known as Vaidik shreni. Later the term Rarhi became popular to distinguish from the Barendra Brahmans. It is to note that Barendras are homogenous but Rarhis are heterogenous. The Rarhi Brahmans (not all) are presumed to have migrated and come from north India. It is from the Ananda Bazar matrimonial advertisement that the term Rarhi became popular forgetting its origin from Gaudiya. Rarhi—Gaurhiya   Gaurh-- Rarh

4. The origin of Barendra Brahman-

 Barendras are known as the Brahmans of the Five (later Seven) ancient villages (5 Gramer Bamun) of Bengal. First they developed and spread in Five (5) ancient villages (Adi Janapad) of Bengal along lower Ganges and later on extended to 7 villages. The term Barendra has come from the landlord Birendra of Pabna. Some say that Birendra was one of the 12 great landlords of Bengal (Baro Bhuniya). Birendra hailed in the Pabna district of North Bengal. He was patron of his own community and encouraged their migration from the Five ancient villages (lower Ganges) to his territory (Pabna). The migrants continued their village names to distinguish among themselves. 

The village names later became their surnames. The Barendras use Five (5) different surnames associated with original villages. These are.

 

1. Bagchi from Bagcha village presently located near Barrackpur of 24 Parganas

2. Bhaduri from Bhadur village presently located near Bangaon of 24 Parganas

3. Lahiri from Lohori village presently located in 24

Parganas

4. Moitra from Mohit village - mohitra –then- moitra – presently unknown

5. Sanyal from Sen Lal village – senlal – then-sanyal- presently unknown

The 5 ancient (later 7) villages can still be traced along lower Ganges in Hoogly and 24 Parganas districts. One is Adi Saptagram on Ganga in Hoogly district. Bhadur village is presently located near Bangaon of 24 Parganas. Bagcha village is presently located near Barrackpur of 24 Parganas. Barendras are indigenous Brahmans of Bengal while the Rarhis have come from outside, north India. Both are different in physical structure.

5. KAYASTHO CASTE OF BENGAL- 

It is viewed that caste consciousness is growing. In the Ananda Bazar Patrika, (WB) matrimonial column on Sunday many claim to be Kulin Kayasta. Even like Brahmans some claim to be Barendra Kayasta and Rarhi Kayasta besides being Kulin Kayasta. This is ridiculous. Traditionally these identities are used only by the Brahmans. The Kulin or Rarhi or Barendra classifications are only for the Brahmans. The Kayasthas cannot use these terms, since they are not part of such traditional classification. The Kayasthas are also part of Shudra category.

Earlier the surnames like Basu/ Chanda/ Deb/ Chaki were textile weavers (Tanti). Mitra were Carpenter (Chhutor). Ghosh were Milkmen (Goyala). By origin Kayasthas are heterogeneous but trying to form homogeneity.

Recently the Kayasthas have shortened the period of untouchability after death (ashuch) from 30 days to 13 days. First one or two influential families started this shortened period then followed by others. This is also a way of getting into higher caste. Example- Jyoti Basu’s shraddha was observed on 11 day like Brahmans without reasonable explanation, published in the Dainik Stastesman newspaper.

But the greatest deficiency of the Kayasthas claiming as upper caste is that they have no recognition in the Varnashrama, or the traditional caste hierarchy. They are neither Brahman, nor Kshatriya nor Vaishya and therefore to be classified as Shudra.

Following are some other related information like origin of surnames etc.

6. Jati: Bhondami (Caste Hypocrites)- 

Jano kichu manush emon kotha bole ja protest na kore para jay na. Jeman Baidya ra azkaal Baidik Brahman dabi korche. Ora nije nije Brhman sejeche. mukhe mukhe prochar kore dichche. Baidya ra khub chalak. Brahman der sathe biye korar chesta kore. Ora tole tole Brahman sajar chesta korche. Asole Baidya ra semi-Dravirian group, ora 70 percent kalo. Ora Brahman dabi korte pare na. Karon brhman ra farsa ba fair complexion. Baidya ra Brahman der sathe assimilate kore jete chay. Asun amra Jat-pat vedaved vle jai… o sob ku-sanskar……………….

7. Etimology of Varnashram- 

The term Varnashram has come from Sanskrit (Varna+Ashram). Varna means to accept (varon kora) and Ashram means monastic home or shelter. When one accepts monastic home or shelter is Varnashram.

Glorious past of my family

 

​Sanyal, Sarat Chendra, Rai Bahadur, M.A., B.L., Divisional and Sessions Judge, Nagpur, C.P.; s. of late Rai Bahadur Govinda Chendra Sanyal; b. at Saran, 1861; educ: at Patna and Canning College, Lucknow; his name is preserved in Gold letters on the roll of Honour in the central hall of the Canning College; passed B.A., 1884; was offered an appointment as Judicial officer in Bengal by the Hon’ble Mr. (now Sir) Henry Princep, in consideration of the services of his father; was selected by the High Court of Calcutta, on the requisition of Sir Antony (now Lord) MacDonell to improve the Civil Judiciary in the Central Provinces; became Senior Small Causes Judge, C.P., 1902; Divisional and Sessions Judge, Raipur, 1903; transferred to Nagpur in the same capacity, 1904; confirmed in the grade of Deputy Commissioner. Address: Nagpur, C.P., India.🌿💐 grand father's father, the glorious past of our family.🌿💐

https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Indian_Biographical_Dictionary_(1915)/Sanyal,_Sarat_Chendra

Vegetarian India A Myth? Survey Shows Over 70% Indians Eat Non-Veg, Telangana Tops

The world believes that India is a predominantly vegetarian country and this belief would have only been strengthened by our Prime Minister, who seems to make sure that his frequent foreign jaunts do not in any way disturb his vegetarian food regimen. Nope, no sign of non-vegetarian food when the PM is around.

Vegetarianism, it is often assumed is the norm in India, encouraged or imposed by ideologies of religion and caste.

However, a nationwide survey, conducted by the Office of Registrar General & Census Commissioner, reveals otherwise.

According to the sample registration system (SRS) baseline survey 2014 released by the registrar general of India, 71 percent of Indians over the age of 15 are non-vegetarian. The percentage of non-vegetarians across the country however has dropped from 75 percent in 2004.

The data shows that Telangana has the highest number of non-vegetarians with 98.8 percent men and 98.6 percent women enjoying their meat, fowl and fish.

Among the other states with a high non-vegetarian population are, West Bengal (98.55%) Andhra Pradesh (98.25%), Odisha (97.35%) and Kerala (97%).

Rajasthan has the highest number of vegetarians: 73.2 percent men and 76.6 percent women. Haryana follows next with 68.5 percent men and 70 percent women on a vegetarian diet. And in Punjab, 65.5 percent of the male population and 68 percent of the female population eat vegetarian food.

List of Indian freedom fighters who perished in struggle against British colonialism between 1883-1943

List of Indian freedom fighters who perished in struggle against British colonialism between 1883-1943 ( Red ink marked are Bengali Hindus )

 

This information is from a pamphlet by the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army, which was distributed throughout India in 1943. The purpose of re-publishing it here is that it the original site where it was published appears to have gone down, and I think it is worthwhile for this list to still exist on the web.
All of the individuals listed here were active participants in the freedom movement. They were either executed or perished in jail. May their memories and love of Mother India live on.
** Numerous persons died in Jails in connection with Quit India movement whose names are not available.
1. Vasudev Balvant Phadke, Dist. Kolaba, Maharastra, Born Nov. 4, 1845. He tried toorganise a National revolt against theBritish: Deported to Aden and kept in Aden Jail under inhuman condition. He resorted to hunger strike as a protest against ill treatment of the Jail Authority and died on Feb. 17, 1883.
2-4. Senapati Tikendrajit Singh, Manipur. General Thengal, Manipur, Agnes Sena (Younger brother of General Thengal), Manipur. They revolted against British and were executed on August 13, 1891.
5. Damodar Hari Chapekar, Maharastra. Executed in Yerrowda Central Jail or, April 18, 1898 on a charge of killing Rand, Plague Co mmissioner and another army officer named Ayerest.
6-7. Basudeo Hari Chapekar, S/o Hari Chapekar, Maharastra and Mahadeo Ranade, S/o. Vinayak Ranade, Maharastra were executed in Yerrowda Central Jail on May 8, 1899 and May 10, 1899 respectively for murder of informer Dravids.
8. Balkrishna Chapekar. S/o HariChapekar. Maharastra. Executed in Yerrowda Central Jail on May 12, 1899. He helped in the plan to kill Mr. Rand, Plague Commissioner, Poona.
9. Khudiram Bose, S/o Trailokyanath, Midnapore (Born Dec. 3. 1889) was executed in Muzaffarpur Jail (Bihar) on August 11, 1908 for committing murder on Miss and Mrs. Kennedy mistaking that the carriage in which they were travelling was carriage of Session Judge Kingsford.
10. Kanailal Datt, S/o Chunilal. Chandannagar, Dist. Hooghly, West Bengal Executed in Old Alipore Jail Harinbari-present Presidency Jail) on Nov. 10, 1908 for shooting dead approver Narendra Goswami inside jail.
11. Satyendranath Bose. S/o Abheycharsn Midnapore, West Bengal. Exeouted in Old Alipore Jail (Harinbari–present Presidency Jail) an Nov. 21, 1908 for shooting dead approver Narendra Goswami inside jail.
12. Charu Charan Bose. S/o Keshablal, Khulna (now in Bangladesh) Executed on March 19, 1909 in Old Alipore Jail (Harinbari–present Presidency Jail) for shooting dead Ashu Biswas, Public Prosecutor of Alipore Bomb case inside Jorabagan Court premises.
13. Madanlal Dhingra. Punjab. He shot and killed William Curzon Wyllie, Political A.D.C. to the Secretary of State. He was executed on August 17, 1909 in Pentonville, London.
14. Birendranath Datta Gupta, S/o Umacharan, Dacca (now in Bangladesh). He shot dead D.S.P. Shamsul Alam in Calcutta High Court premises. Alam was the prime investigator in Alipore Conspiracy case..He was executed on Feb. 21, 1910 in Old Alipore Jail (Present Presidency Jail).
15-17. Aranta Laxman Kanhere, Krishna Gopal Kanre and Vinayak Narayan Deshpande. They were executed in Thane Jail (suburb of Bombay) on April 19,1910 for killing D.M. Jackson who convicted Ganesh Damodar Savarkar to transportation in Nasik Conspiracy case.
18 Kashiram, Executed in Ferozpore Jail, Punjab, on March 27, 1915 in connection with preparation for All India armed uprising.
19-22. Amirchand. S/o Hukumchand; Balmokand, S/o Bhai Mathuradas, Punjab: Abad Behari (Oudh) ; Basanta Biswas, S/o Motilal, Nadia, West Bengal. All the four were sentenced to death in Delhi Conspiracy case in which the principal accused Rashbehari Bose could not be arrested in spite of a reward being declared for his arrest. They were executed on May 11, 1915 in the Ambala Jail.
23-29. Bakshis Singh; Bishnu Ganesh Pingley; Surain Singh, S/o Ishar Singh; Surain Singh, S/o Burah Singh ; Harnam Singh of Sialkot ;Jaggat Singh and Kartar Singh, Saraba. These seven persons along with 17 others were sentenced to death in the 1st Lahore Conspiracy case set up after the failure of projected Ah India Armed Uprising for seizure of power on Feb. 21, 1915 under the leadership of Rashbehari Bose. They marched to gallows valiantly refusing to make any mercy petition to Govt. They were executed on Nov. 17, 1915 in Lahore Central Jail.
30-31. Niren Das Gupta. S/o Lalit Mohan, Faridpur (now in Bangladesh) and Monoranjan Sen Gupta. Faridpur (now in Bangladesh). These two were participants in the well known Balasore fight on Sept. 9, 1915 along with the illustrious revolutionary leader Jatindranath Mukherjee and on being arrested were prosecuted for murder of one Rajmahanty whom they had to kill in the morning of the same day in self-defence and were sentenced to death. They were executed on Nov. 22, 1915 in the Balasore Jail (Orissa).
32. Bhan Singh. A convict of Lahore Conspiracy case who was most brutally assaulted for alleged misbehaviour with the Superintendent of Andaman Cellular Jail. He died during hunger strike.
33. Sohanlal Pathak, Amritsar. He was tried and sentenced to death for his activity in connection with preparation for a soldiers’ uprising in Burma during the Ist World War. He was executed in January, 1916 in Mandalay Jail (Burma).
34-38. Her Singh Bahoowal. Hoshiarpur; Ishar Singh alias Suran Singh, Ferozepore; Ranga Singh alias Rods Singh. Jullundur; Rur Singh of Talwandi, Ferozepore and Uttam Singh, Ludhiana. They were sentenced to death in one of the supplementary Lahore Conspiracy cases following the failure of the projected countrywide armed uprising on Feb. 21, 1915. They were executed in Lahore Central Jail on June 12, 1916.

39-45. Harnam Singh; Challiaram; Narain Singh; Basswa Singh; Narinjan Singh; Bhai Balbant Singh. They were executed in Burma, between August 19 & 22, 1916 in connection with Burma Conspiracy case.
46. Sushil Lahiry, Executed in Oct., 1918 in Beneras Jail CU.P.) for killing his intimate friend Binayak Rao Kapie whom the party had given death penalty for rank defection and misappropriation of money and arms.
47. Ram Rakha, Died during hunger strike in l919 in Andaman Cellular Jail.
48-66. Abdulla alias Sukhai; Bhagwan; Bisram; Dudhai; Alicharan; Lal Mohammad; Laltu; Mahadeo; Meghu; Nazir Ali; Raghubir; Ramlagan; Ramrup; Rudali; Sahadeo;Sampat I; Sampat II; Shyam Sundar; Sitaram. They were arrested in connection with famous Chauri Chaura case during Non-co-operation movement led by Gandhiji and were executed in 1923.
67. Gopi Mohan Saha (Gopinath). S/o Bijoykrishna, Serampur,-Dist. Hooghly, West Bengal. Executed on March I, 1924 in Old Alipore present Presidency) Jail for shooting dead an Englishman Mr. Day mistaking him as Police Commissioner Tegart.
68-69. Ananta Hari Mitra, S/o. Ramlal (Born 1906) and Promode Ranjan Chowdhury, S/o Ishan (Born 1904). They were sentenced to death for killing D.I.B. officer Bhupen Chatterjee inside the jail where they were being then detained as under trial prisoners in akhbareswar Bomb case. Executed on Sept. 28, 1926 in Alipore Central Jail (New Central Jail).
70. Rajen Lahiri, S/o, Kshitish Mohan, Pabna (now in Bangladesh) Born June 1901. Executed on Dec. 17, 1927 in Gonda Jail (U.P.) in connection with Kakori Conspiracy case.
71. Asfsqullah Khan. Shahjahanpur ( U.P.). Executed in Faizabad Jail (U.P.) on December 19, 1927 in connection with Kakori Conspiracy case.
72. Ramprosad Bismil. S/o. Muralidhar Tewari, Shahjahanpur (U.P.). Born 1898. Executed on December 19, 1927 in Gorakhpur Jail (LT.P.) in connection with Kakori Conspiracy case.
73. Thakur Roshan Singh. S/o. Jagadish Singh, Shahjahanpur (U.P.). Born 1897. Executed in Naini Central Jail (U.P.) in connection with Kakori Conspiracy case on Dec. 21, 1927.
74. Jatindranath Das. S/o. Bankim Behari, Calcutta, West Bengal, Born Oct. 27, 1904. He along with ten others joined a hunger strike started by Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Datta earlier upon a demand for recognition of better status for all political prisoners. He died inch by inch after 63 days of fasting on Sept. 13, 1929 in Lahore Brostal Jail.
75. Hpoongyi-U-Wizaya, Kyaungone, Bassein, Burma. He was a monk and resorted to hunger strike upon a demand for better diet for political prisoners and certain other privileges consistent with the life of a monk. Expired on September, 20, 1929 after fasting for 163 days.
76. Bhagat Singh. S/o Kishan Singh and nephew of renowned revolutionary Sardar Ajit Singh. Lgallpur (now in Pakistan). Born Oct. 6, 1907. He was first arrested for the well-known Central Assembly Bomb throwing affair and while in prison was made an accused in the Second Lahore Conspiracy case along with many others woven round the murder of Saunders, A.S.P., Lahore. He was executed on March 23, 1931 in Lahore Central Jail.
77-78. Sibram Rajguru, S/o Hari Narayan Rajguru, Poona, Maharastra, and Sukdeb, S/o Lala Ram Lal Thapar. Lyallpur (now in Pakistan). Born May 15, 1907. They were executed on March 23, 1931 in Lahore Central Jail in connection with Lahore Conspiracy Case.
79. Hari Kishan Talwar. S/o Lala Gurudasmal, Punjab. Born January, 1908. He made an attempt on the life of Geoffery-deMontmorrency. Governor of Punjab when the latter was coming out of the Lahore University Hall after delivering the convocation address with a revolver shot injuring the Governor and killing a Police Officer Channan Singh. He was executed on June 9, 1931 in Mianwali Jail (now in Pakistan).
80-82. Ranabir Singh; Durga Das; Chamanlal. They were arrested in connection with Martyr Hari Kishan Talwar’s case and after a supplementary trial_were sentenced to death.
83. Dinesh Gupta. S/o Satish, Dacca (now in Bangladesh). Born Dec. 6, 1911. He was a participant along with Benoy and Badal in the historic Calcutta Writers Buildings raid (Dec. 8, 1930) when Col. Simpson, I.G. of Prisons, Bengal, was shot dead and Mr. Nelson, Judicial Secretary and some others were injured. He was executed in Alipore Central Jail (New Central Jail) on July 7, 1931.
84. Ram Krishna Biswas. S/o Durgakripa, Chittagong (now in Bangladesh). Born January 16, 1910. He shot dead Inspector Tarini Mukherjee at Chandpur, Comilla (now in Bangladesh) mistaking him as Craig, I.G. of Police. Executed on August 4, 1931 in Alipore Central Jail (New Central Jail).
85-91. NGA Pothun; NGA Bogauk; NGA Than Myaing; NGA Po Thit; NGA Po Saung; NGA BaThaw and NGA Po Hta.These seven martyrs were tried by special tribunal (this trial is known as famous THARAWADDY trial) on a charge of organising revolt against the British Govt. They were condemned to death on August 8, 1931.
92-93. Tarakeswar Sengupta. S/o Haricharan, Barisal (now in Bangladesh). (Born April 15, 1905) and Santosh Mitra, Calcutta, West Bengal. They were killed in Hijli Detention Camp (Midnapore, West Bengal) on Sept. 16, 1931 in course of an attack on the detenus by Jamuna Singh, Head Warder and his subordinates.
94. Saya San. A hero of hundred battles rebelled against the British. He was executed in Burma on Nov. 18, 1931.
95. Manoranjan Bhattacharjee. S/o Kali Prasanna, was executed on August 22, 1932 in Barisal Jail (now in Bangladesh) in connection with Charanuguria (Faridpur–now in Bangladesh) Post Office dacoity case.
96. Ramdeni Singh. Bihar, was hanged in 1932 in connection with Hajipur Station dacoity case.

97. Pradyot Bhattacharjee. S/o Bhabataran, Midnapore, West Bengal, was executed in Midnapore Central Jail on Jan. 12, 1933 in connection with Douglas (district Magistrate, Midnapore) murder case.
98. Kalipada Mukherjee was executed on Feb. 16, I933 in DaccaJail (now in Bangladesh) in connection with Kamakhya Sen, Special Magistrate murder case.
99. Mahabir Singh. S/o Kunwar Devi Singh, Etah District, CU.P.). Born Sept. 16, 1904 and died on May 17, 1933 in Andaman Cellular Jail in course of a hunger strike while resisting forced feeding.
100. Man Krishna Namadas (NZohan Kishore)· Mymensingh (now in Bangladesh), who resorted to hunger strike in Andaman Cellular Jail as a protest against inhuman treatment on political prisoners died on May 26, 1933 while resisting forced feeding.
101. Mohit Maitra. S/o Hem Chandra Maitra, Calcutta, West Bengal, Died on May 28, 1933 in Andaman Cellular Jail in course of hunger strike while resisting forced feeding.
102. Surya Sen (Mastetda). S/o Raj Mani Sen. Born March 22, 1894, Chittagong (now in Bangladesh), was executed in Chittagong Jail on Jan. 12, 1934 for armed uprising against the British in Chittagong; He was the Supreme Commander of the uprising.
103. Tarakeswar Dastidar. S/0. Chandra Mohan, Chittagong (now in Bangladesh) He was an active associate of Masterda Surya Sen during absconding period and was executed in Chittagong Jail., January 12, 1934 for armed revolt against the British in Chittagong.
104-105. Harendranath Chakraborty. S/o Kali Kumar, Chittagong (now in Bangladesh) and Krishna Chowdhury, S/o Hemendralal, Chittagong attempted to kill Europeans In Chittagong Paltan Maidan. They were executed on June 5, 1934 in Midnapore Central Jail.
106. Dinesh Majumdar, S/o Purna Chandra, Basirhat, 24-Parganas, West Bengal (Born May, 1907), shot dead Polios Commissioner Quinn of Chandannagore (French). Attempted on the life of Tegart, police Commissioner, Calcutta on 25.8.30 and being arrested for the latter event escaped from the Midnapore Central Jail and went under ground He was recaptured at Cornawallis Street, Galcutta, after a fight with the Police Party. He was executed on June 9, 1934 in Alipore Central Jail (New Central Jail).
107. Baikuntha Sukul (Sukla). S/o Ram Behari Sukul, Mazaffarpur, Bihar, was executed o, May 14, L934 in Gaya Jail (Bihar) for killing Phani Ghosh who betrayed the revolutionary party and turned approver in the Second Lahore Conspiracy case.
108. Manindranath Banerjee, S/o Dr. Taracharan Banerjee: Beneras (Born in 1911) died in Fatehgarh Jail CU.P.) on June 20, 1934 after 66 days’ Hunger Strike in protest against brutal treatment inside Jail. He was arrested for shooting Jiten Baneljee, S.P., who was in charge of investigation of Kakori Conspiracy case though the victim was his own maternal uncle.

109. Ashit Bhattacharjee. S/o Khirod Mohan, Lashiara, Dist. Comilla (now in Bangladesh) Born April 4, 1915 executed on July 2, 1934 in Sylhet Jail (now in Bangladesh) in connection with Itakhola mail dacoity case.

110-112. Ram Krishna Roy, S/o Kenaram Ray Roy Midnapur, West Bengal; Brojo Kishore Chakraborty and Nirmal Jiban Ghosh, S/o Jamini Jiban Ghosh, were executed in Midnapore Central Jail in connection with Burge (D· M· Midnapore) murder case. Ram Krishna Roy and Brojo Kishore Chakraborty were executed on Oct. 25, 1934 and NirmalJiban Ghosh on October 26, 1934.
113. Motilal Mallick. S/o Raj Kumar, Dacca (now in Bangladesh). Born 1912. Executed Dec. 15, 1934 in Dacca Jail in connection with Deobhog (Dacca) Shooting case.
114. Bhabani Bhattacherjee. S/o Basanta Kumar, Dacca (now in Bangladesh). Born 1914. Tried in connection with the attack on the life of Sir John Anderson, Governor of Bengal, at Lebong race course, Darjeeling and was sentenced to death. He was executed on February 3, 1935 in Rajshahi Jail (now in Bangladesh).
115. Rohini Barua. Born 1915. Executed in Faridpur Jail (now in Bangladesh) on Dec. 18, 1935 on a charge of beheading a sub-Inspector of Police named Ersad Ali of Gopalganj P.S., Faridpur.
116. Haren Munshi, Died on Jan 30, 1938 in Dacca Jail (now in Bangladesh) while resisting forced-feeding in course of a hunger strike resorted to by repatriated Andaman prisoners convicted in Titagar Conspiracy case.
117. Udham Singh. S/o Sardar Tahel Singh, Sunam, Patiala, Born Dec. 26, 1898. He shot dead Michel O. Dyer, ex-Governor of Punjab as a reprisal for the brutal atrocities led by him in Punjab in 1919. He was executed on June 12, 1940 in Pentonville Jail (London).
118. Sankar Mahali. was executed in Nagpur Central Jail on Jan. 19, 1943 in connection with Quit India movement.
119. Himu Kalani. a valiant fighter of the Quit India movement was executed in Sukkur Jail on Jan. 21, 1943.
120. Rajnarain Missir. the renowned Hero of the Quit India movement was executed in Lucknow Jail (U.P.).
121. Kusal Kanowar. Executed in Jorhat Jail, Assam on June 16, 1943 in connection with Quit India movement.
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PRONUNCIATION IN BENGALI LANGUAGE

Bengali language has its own beauty of pronunciation basically influenced by Ardh Magadhi / Behari languages as Bhojpuri, Maithil etc. actually these all languages or dialects were originated Pali / Prakrit, hence as written, actually its not pronounce same in Bengali for example - -
written - -  pronounce
smriti        sriti
sandhya    sonddha
arany        oranno
jaab           jabo
bhajan       bhojon
andhakar   ondhokar many more Sanskrit words in Bengali is written correctly as Hindi or other Indian languages but pronunciation during talking just changes and that influence is existed by Pali / Prakrit, and that beauty makes language more sweet and attractive, if we want to know more about that, then this following link helps a lot,
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pali

Vowels and diphthongs

• Sanskrit ai and au always monophthongize to Pali e and o, respectively

Examples: maitrī → mettā, auṣadha → osadha

• Sanskrit aya and ava likewise often reduce to Pali e and o

Examples: dhārayati → dhāreti, avatāra → otāra, bhavati → hoti

• Sanskrit avi becomes Pali e (i.e. avi → ai → e)

Example: sthavira → thera

• Sanskrit ṛ appears in Pali as a, i or u, often agreeing with the vowel in the following syllable. ṛ also sometimes becomes u after labial consonants.

Examples: kṛta → kata, tṛṣṇa → taṇha, smṛti → sati, ṛṣi → isi, dṛṣṭi → diṭṭhi, ṛddhi → iddhi, ṛju → uju, spṛṣṭa → phuṭṭha, vṛddha → vuddha

• Sanskrit long vowels are shortened before a sequence of two following consonants.

Examples: kṣānti → khanti, rājya → rajja, īśvara → issara, tīrṇa → tiṇṇa, pūrva → pubba

Consonants

Sound changes

• The Sanskrit sibilants ś, ṣ, and s merge as Pali s

Examples: śaraṇa → saraṇa, doṣa → dosa

• The Sanskrit stops ḍ and ḍh become ḷ and ḷh between vowels (as in Vedic)

Example: cakravāḍa → cakkavāḷa, virūḍha → virūḷha

Assimilations

General rules

• Many assimilations of one consonant to a neighboring consonant occurred in the development of Pali, producing a large number of geminate (double) consonants. Since aspiration of a geminate consonant is only phonetically detectable on the last consonant of a cluster, geminate kh, gh, ch, jh, ṭh, ḍh, th, dh, ph and bh appear as kkh, ggh, cch, jjh, ṭṭh, ḍḍh, tth, ddh, pph and bbh, not as khkh, ghgh etc.
• When assimilation would produce a geminate consonant (or a sequence of unaspirated stop+aspirated stop) at the beginning of a word, the initial geminate is simplified to a single consonant.

Examples: prāṇa → pāṇa (not ppāṇa), sthavira → thera (not tthera), dhyāna → jhāna (not jjhāna), jñāti → ñāti (not ññāti)

• When assimilation would produce a sequence of three consonants in the middle of a word, geminates are simplified until there are only two consonants in sequence.

Examples: uttrāsa → uttāsa (not utttāsa), mantra → manta (not mantta), indra → inda (not indda), vandhya → vañjha (not vañjjha)

• The sequence vv resulting from assimilation changes to bb

Example: sarva → savva → sabba, pravrajati → pavvajati → pabbajati, divya → divva → dibba, nirvāṇa → nivvāṇa → nibbāna

Total assimilation

Total assimilation, where one sound becomes identical to a neighboring sound, is of two types: progressive, where the assimilated sound becomes identical to the following sound; and regressive, where it becomes identical to the preceding sound.

Progressive assimilations

• Internal visarga assimilates to a following voiceless stop or sibilant

Examples: duḥkṛta → dukkata, duḥkha → dukkha, duḥprajña → duppañña, niḥkrodha (=niṣkrodha) → nikkodha, niḥpakva (=niṣpakva) → nippakka, niḥśoka → nissoka, niḥsattva → nissatta

• In a sequence of two dissimilar Sanskrit stops, the first stop assimilates to the second stop

Examples: vimukti → vimutti, dugdha → duddha, utpāda → uppāda, pudgala → puggala, udghoṣa → ugghosa, adbhuta → abbhuta, śabda → sadda

• In a sequence of two dissimilar nasals, the first nasal assimilates to the second nasal

Example: unmatta → ummatta, pradyumna → pajjunna

• j assimilates to a following ñ (i.e., jñ becomes ññ)

Examples: prajñā → paññā, jñāti → ñāti

• The Sanskrit liquid consonants r and l assimilate to a following stop, nasal, sibilant, or v

Examples: mārga → magga, karma → kamma, varṣa → vassa, kalpa → kappa, sarva → savva → sabba

• r assimilates to a following l

Examples: durlabha → dullabha, nirlopa → nillopa

• d sometimes assimilates to a following v, producing vv → bb

Examples: udvigna → uvvigga → ubbigga, dvādaśa → bārasa (beside dvādasa)

• t and d may assimilate to a following s or y when a morpheme boundary intervenes

Examples: ut+sava → ussava, ud+yāna → uyyāna

Regressive assimilations

• Nasals sometimes assimilate to a preceding stop (in other cases epenthesis occurs)

Examples: agni → aggi, ātman → atta, prāpnoti → pappoti, śaknoti → sakkoti

• m assimilates to an initial sibilant

Examples: smarati → sarati, smṛti → sati

• Nasals assimilate to a preceding stop+sibilant cluster, which then develops in the same way as such clusters without following nasals

Examples: tīkṣṇa → tikṣa → tikkha, lakṣmī → lakṣī →lakkhī

• The Sanskrit liquid consonants r and l assimilate to a preceding stop, nasal, sibilant, or v

Examples: prāṇa → pāṇa, grāma → gāma, śrāvaka → sāvaka, agra → agga, indra → inda, pravrajati → pavvajati → pabbajati, aśru → assu

• y assimilates to preceding non-dental/retroflex stops or nasals

Examples: cyavati → cavati, jyotiṣ → joti, rājya → rajja, matsya → macchya → maccha, lapsyate → lacchyate → lacchati, abhyāgata → abbhāgata, ākhyāti → akkhāti, saṁkhyā → saṅkhā (but also saṅkhyā), ramya → ramma

• y assimilates to preceding non-initial v, producing vv → bb

Example: divya → divva → dibba, veditavya → veditavva → veditabba, bhāvya → bhavva → bhabba

• y and v assimilate to any preceding sibilant, producing ss

Examples: paśyati → passati, śyena → sena, aśva → assa, īśvara → issara, kariṣyati → karissati, tasya → tassa, svāmin → sāmī

• v sometimes assimilates to a preceding stop

Examples: pakva → pakka, catvāri → cattāri, sattva → satta, dhvaja → dhaja

Partial and mutual assimilation

• Sanskrit sibilants before a stop assimilate to that stop, and if that stop is not already aspirated, it becomes aspirated; e.g. śc, st, ṣṭ and sp become cch, tth, ṭṭh and pph

Examples: paścāt → pacchā, asti → atthi, stava → thava, śreṣṭha → seṭṭha, aṣṭa → aṭṭha, sparśa → phassa

• In sibilant-stop-liquid sequences, the liquid is assimilated to the preceding consonant, and the cluster behaves like sibilant-stop sequences; e.g. str and ṣṭr become tth and ṭṭh

Examples: śāstra → śasta → sattha, rāṣṭra → raṣṭa → raṭṭha

• t and p become c before s, and the sibilant assimilates to the preceding sound as an aspirate (i.e., the sequences ts and ps become cch)

Examples: vatsa → vaccha, apsaras → accharā

• A sibilant assimilates to a preceding k as an aspirate (i.e., the sequence kṣ becomes kkh)

Examples: bhikṣu → bhikkhu, kṣānti → khanti

• Any dental or retroflex stop or nasal followed by y converts to the corresponding palatal sound, and the y assimilates to this new consonant, i.e. ty, thy, dy, dhy, ny become cc, cch, jj, jjh, ññ; likewise ṇy becomes ññ. Nasals preceding a stop that becomes palatal share this change.

Examples: tyajati → cyajati → cajati, satya → sacya → sacca, mithyā → michyā → micchā, vidyā → vijyā → vijjā, madhya → majhya → majjha, anya → añya → añña, puṇya → puñya → puñña, vandhya → vañjhya → vañjjha → vañjha

• The sequence mr becomes mb, via the epenthesis of a stop between the nasal and liquid, followed by assimilation of the liquid to the stop and subsequent simplification of the resulting geminate.

Examples: āmra → ambra → amba, tāmra → tamba

Epenthesis

An epenthetic vowel is sometimes inserted between certain consonant-sequences. As with ṛ, the vowel may be a, i, or u, depending on the influence of a neighboring consonant or of the vowel in the following syllable. i is often found near i, y, or palatal consonants; u is found near u, v, or labial consonants.

• Sequences of stop + nasal are sometimes separated by a or u

Example: ratna → ratana, padma → paduma (u influenced by labial m)

• The sequence sn may become sin initially

Examples: snāna → sināna, sneha → sineha

• i may be inserted between a consonant and l

Examples: kleśa → kilesa, glāna → gilāna, mlāyati → milāyati, ślāghati → silāghati

• An epenthetic vowel may be inserted between an initial sibilant and r

Example: śrī → sirī

• The sequence ry generally becomes riy (i influenced by following y), but is still treated as a two-consonant sequence for the purposes of vowel-shortening

Example: ārya → arya → ariya, sūrya → surya → suriya, vīrya → virya → viriya

• a or i is inserted between r and h

Example: arhati → arahati, garhā → garahā, barhiṣ → barihisa

• There is sporadic epenthesis between other consonant sequences

Examples: caitya → cetiya (not cecca), vajra → vajira (not vajja)

Other changes

• Any Sanskrit sibilant before a nasal becomes a sequence of nasal followed by h, i.e. ṣṇ, sn and sm become ṇh, nh, and mh

Examples: tṛṣṇa → taṇha, uṣṇīṣa → uṇhīsa, asmi → amhi

• The sequence śn becomes ñh, due to assimilation of the n to the preceding palatal sibilant

Example: praśna → praśña → pañha

• The sequences hy and hv undergo metathesis

Examples: jihvā → jivhā, gṛhya → gayha, guhya → guyha

• h undergoes metathesis with a following nasal

Example: gṛhṇāti → gaṇhāti

• y is geminated between e and a vowel

Examples: śreyas → seyya, Maitreya → Metteyya

• Voiced aspirates such as bh and gh on rare occasions become h

Examples: bhavati → hoti, -ebhiṣ → -ehi, laghu → lahu

• Dental and retroflex sounds sporadically change into one another

Examples: jñāna → ñāṇa (not ñāna), dahati → ḍahati (beside Pali dahati) nīḍa → nīla (not nīḷa), sthāna → ṭhāna (not thāna), duḥkṛta → dukkaṭa (beside Pali dukkata)

Exceptions

There are several notable exceptions to the rules above; many of them are common Prakrit words rather than borrowings from Sanskrit.

• ārya → ayya (beside ariya)
• guru → garu (adj.) (beside guru (n.))
• puruṣa → purisa (not purusa)
• vṛkṣa → rukṣa → rukkha (not vakkha)

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